The Bhagavad Gita, an integral part of the great Sanskrit epic Mahabharata, emerges as a significant episode within this timeless narrative, which unveils the history of the ancient world. Approximately 5000 years ago, during the momentous commencement of the legendary Kurukshetra war, Lord Krishna imparted the profound wisdom of Bhagavad Gita to Arjuna. Their profound conversation has since become renowned as one of humanity’s most revered philosophical and religious dialogues. This insightful discourse transcribed by Srila Vyasa deva, was intended for the betterment and enlightenment of all individuals. The Bhagavad gita provides profound perspectives on various aspects of existence such as life, love, yoga, spirituality, the soul, the mind, God, eternity, hope, and happiness. Esteemed by numerous eminent intellectuals throughout history, this timeless text imparts invaluable wisdom capable of unlocking our dormant spiritual potential and igniting the divine essence within us, ultimately benefiting both ourselves and those around us.This article aims to provide a chapter-wise summary and distill the fundamental teachings encapsulated within the Bhagavad Gita.
Chapter 1: Arjuna Vishada Yoga
In the vast expanse of Kurukshetra, the legendary battleground, two mighty armies confront each other. One side comprises the valiant Pandavas, while the other consists of the formidable Kauravas. The tide of fortune seems to favor the Pandavas, as various omens point towards their impending victory.
Amidst this intense atmosphere, Dhrtarashtra, the father of the Kauravas and uncle to the Pandavas, harbors doubts regarding his sons’ chances of triumph. Seeking enlightenment, he turns to his trusted secretary, Sanjaya, and implores him to vividly describe the unfolding spectacle on the battlefield.
Meanwhile, Arjuna, one of the five heroic brothers from the Pandava clan, finds himself gripped by a profound internal struggle just before the commencement of the battle. Overwhelmed by deep compassion for his own kin and revered teachers, whom he is bound to face in combat, Arjuna experiences a crisis of conscience. Engaging in a heartfelt dialogue with Lord Krishna, he presents numerous noble and ethical arguments, expressing his desire to abstain from the impending conflict.
In an act of profound sorrow, Arjuna casts aside his formidable weaponry, unable to bear the weight of grief any longer. His reluctance to engage in battle stands as a testament to his benevolent nature and compassionate heart. Such a person, who is reluctant to harm even his adversaries, proves to be receptive and deserving of the wisdom and enlightenment that transcendental knowledge brings.
Chapter 2: Sankhya Yoga
In response to Arjuna’s heartfelt pleas and moral arguments, Krishna, the embodiment of divine wisdom, does not sympathize with his friend’s dilemma. Instead, Krishna assumes the role of a stern guide, reminding Arjuna of his sacred duty as a warrior and urging him to conquer his wavering heart. Though torn between his deep reluctance to harm his own kin and Krishna’s unwavering desire for him to fulfill his warrior’s destiny, Arjuna finds himself trapped in a state of profound grief and bewildering confusion.
Seeking solace and enlightenment, Arjuna turns to Krishna, his trusted confidant, beseeching him for guidance and surrendering himself as a humble disciple. Krishna, assuming the mantle of Arjuna’s spiritual master, imparts profound teachings about the eternal nature of the soul, emphasizing that it cannot be extinguished by mortal means. He enlightens Arjuna with the knowledge that death in battle bestows upon the valiant fighters a glorious ascent to heavenly realms, surpassing the mundane cycles of life and death. Thus, Krishna encourages Arjuna to find solace in the realization that those whom he is about to engage in combat with will be blessed with superior births in their next existence.
Krishna gently reminds Arjuna that the essence of one’s being is eternal and individual, transcending the transient confines of the mortal frame. Only the perishable body meets its demise, while the eternal spirit remains unscathed. With this profound understanding, Krishna asserts that there is no cause for lamentation, for the eternal soul is never truly extinguished.
Arjuna’s decision to abstain from battle stems from his attachment to the worldly pleasures and his desire to cherish life’s joys alongside his beloved relatives, even if it means forsaking wisdom and shirking his duty. Krishna astutely recognizes that such a mentality keeps one firmly bound within the material realm, perpetuating the cycle of birth and death. Therefore, Krishna imparts the timeless wisdom of buddhi-yoga, the path of selfless action performed without attachment to the outcomes. By embracing this enlightened approach to warfare, Arjuna can liberate himself from the eternal cycle of transmigration and ultimately attain eligibility to enter the celestial kingdom of God.
Chapter 3: Karma – Yoga
Arjuna, despite receiving profound teachings from Krishna, remains immersed in a state of lingering confusion. He mistakenly believes that buddhi-yoga entails a complete withdrawal from the active realm of life, advocating for a life of solitude, penance, and rigorous austerity. However, Krishna gently corrects him, saying, “No, Arjuna. Engage in the battle with fervor, but do so with a spirit of renunciation. Offer all the fruits of your actions to the Supreme. This act of surrender and selfless service is the most potent means of purification. By working without attachment to the outcomes, one achieves union with the Supreme.”
Krishna further elucidates that performing sacrifices solely for the pleasure of the Supreme Lord ensures not only material prosperity but also emancipation from the entanglements of sinful reactions. Even a self-realized individual, who has attained profound spiritual understanding, never abandons their prescribed duties. Instead, they engage in their responsibilities with unwavering determination, recognizing that their actions serve as a means to enlighten and guide others on the path of righteousness.
With a thirst for knowledge still burning within him, Arjuna humbly implores the Lord to explain the root cause that compels individuals to engage in sinful deeds. Krishna, the repository of infinite wisdom, enlightens him, revealing that it is the alluring force of lust that drives one to commit acts of transgression. Lust, like a bewildering illusion, entangles individuals within the material world, clouding their judgment and leading them astray. This insidious desire manifests itself in the senses, mind, and intellect, tempting one towards indulgence and gratification. However, Krishna assures Arjuna that self-control serves as the potent antidote to counteract the influence of lust and its debilitating consequences.
Chapter 4: Jnana Yoga
The timeless wisdom of the Bhagavad Gita was initially imparted by Krishna Himself to Vivasvan, the radiant sun-god. Vivasvan, in turn, passed down this profound knowledge to his worthy descendants, who subsequently disseminated it amongst humanity. This sacred tradition of transmitting spiritual understanding through successive generations is known as the disciplic succession, ensuring the preservation and dissemination of divine teachings.
Krishna, in His original and transcendental form, manifests whenever and wherever there is a decline in righteousness and a surge of irreligion. Untouched by the material nature that envelops this world, He appears to restore balance and guide humanity towards the path of righteousness. Those who comprehend the supreme transcendence of the Lord, who recognize His divine nature beyond the limitations of the material realm, attain His eternal abode at the moment of their physical departure from this earthly existence.
All beings, knowingly or unknowingly, ultimately surrender to the supreme authority of Krishna. He reciprocates with each individual according to the depth and sincerity of their surrender. Such reciprocal interactions with the Supreme are a testament to the divine connection that permeates all aspects of creation.
To facilitate the growth and spiritual evolution of humanity, Krishna instituted a system called varnashrama, which establishes divisions in both social and spiritual realms. This system accommodates individuals based on their unique psychophysical natures and inclinations. By offering the fruits of their labor in sacrifice to the Supreme, people gradually elevate themselves to the sublime platform of transcendental knowledge and understanding.
However, those who lack understanding and faith, who harbor doubts and skepticism regarding the revealed knowledge found within the scriptures, remain mired in ignorance and discontent. Their perpetual state of doubt hinders their journey towards true happiness and spiritual enlightenment. Only by embracing the revealed truths and accepting the profound wisdom contained within the scriptures can one hope to attain the blissful state of God consciousness and experience true fulfillment in life.
Chapter 5: Karma Sanyasa Yoga
Arjuna continues to grapple with the dilemma of whether renunciation of work or engaged work in devotion is the superior path. Sensing his lingering confusion, Krishna compassionately imparts His enlightening wisdom, clarifying that the path of devotional service stands as the pinnacle of excellence. In this path, one recognizes that everything in existence ultimately belongs to Krishna, and therefore, there is nothing that truly belongs to the individual to renounce. Consequently, whatever possessions or resources one may possess should be utilized in the service of Krishna, the Supreme.
A person who works with such a consciousness, offering their actions and endeavors to Krishna, transcends the materialistic mindset and attains a state of true renunciation. This sublime process, known as karma yoga, liberates one from the entanglements of karmic reactions and the perpetual cycle of birth and death.
Furthermore, Krishna reveals that an individual who engages in devotional service while exercising control over their mind and senses, achieves a divine consciousness. Despite their senses being engaged with the objects of the material world, such a person remains detached, aloof from the binding influences of desires and attachments. They reside in a state of profound tranquility and bliss, undisturbed by the fluctuations of external circumstances.
In this elevated state of divine consciousness, the practitioner experiences a profound sense of inner peace and happiness. By aligning their actions with the principles of devotion and ensuring the regulation of their senses, they transcend the mundane, finding solace in the eternal connection with Krishna, the source of all happiness and fulfillment.
Chapter 6: Dhyana yoga
The path of mystic yoga is often associated with the cessation of material activities. However, it is crucial to understand that a true mystic is not one who completely abstains from performing duties. A genuine yogi recognizes the importance of fulfilling one’s responsibilities in accordance with their prescribed duties, without harboring attachments to the results or seeking sensual gratification.
The essence of real yoga lies in establishing a profound connection with the Supreme Soul, dwelling within the heart, and surrendering to His divine guidance. This sacred communion is achieved through the cultivation of a disciplined and controlled mind. By acquiring knowledge and experiential realization, the yogi transcends the influence of the material world’s dualities, remaining unaffected by the ever-changing circumstances such as heat and cold, honor and dishonor, and so forth.
Through conscious regulation of essential aspects of life such as eating, sleeping, working, and recreation, the yogi gains mastery over the body, mind, and activities. This disciplined approach allows the practitioner to attain stability and focus in their meditation on the transcendental self. Gradually, the yogi enters a state of Samadhi, a sublime state characterized by the ability to relish transcendental pleasure through the transcendental senses. In this elevated state of consciousness, the practitioner transcends the limitations of mundane experiences and finds profound joy in the divine realm.
However, the highest level of yogic achievement is attained by the yogi who constantly ruminates upon Krishna, the Supreme Lord. Through continuous contemplation and remembrance of the divine presence, the yogi establishes an unbreakable bond with Krishna and experiences the pinnacle of spiritual attainment. Such a state of perpetual union with the Supreme represents the zenith of yogic realization.
Chapter 7: Vijnana Yoga
Krishna, in a profound revelation, unveils Himself as the ultimate source of both material and spiritual energies. While His energy manifests the diverse aspects of the material world, comprising the three modes of goodness, passion, and ignorance, Krishna Himself remains eternally beyond the grasp of material influence. All beings, except those who have wholeheartedly surrendered unto Him, are subject to the control and influence of material nature.
Indeed, Krishna embodies the quintessence of all existence. He is the subtle essence that imbues the taste of water, the radiant heat emanating from fire, the resounding vibrations within the ether, the luminous radiance of the sun and the moon, the innate abilities inherent in human beings, the original fragrance arising from the earth, the intelligence of the wise, and the animating life force within every living entity.
Within this world, there are four types of individuals who surrender to Krishna. Some do not surrender, remaining veiled by Krishna’s temporary and illusory potency, thereby unable to fathom His true nature. However, virtuous souls, guided by their pious tendencies, become eligible to embrace the path of devotional service and surrender unto Him. Among them, those who possess the profound understanding that Krishna is the ultimate cause of all causes, steadfastly engage in devotional service with unwavering determination, and thus they become most dear to Krishna. These exceptional beings, rare gems in the realm of existence, are assured of attaining Him and experiencing the ultimate spiritual fulfillment.
Chapter 8: Akshara Parabrahma Yoga
Arjuna, seeking profound knowledge, poses seven important questions to Krishna, seeking clarity on various aspects of spiritual understanding. He inquires about the nature of Brahman, the true essence of the self, the significance of fruitive activities, the manifestation of the material world, the identity of the demigods, the Lord of sacrifice, and how those engaged in devotional service can attain realization of Krishna at the time of death.
Krishna, the supreme fountain of wisdom, responds to each query with profound insight. He explains that “Brahman” refers to the eternal and indestructible living entity (jiva). The “self” signifies the intrinsic nature of the soul, which is inherently inclined towards serving its divine source. “Fruitive activities” denote actions performed with the intention of acquiring material bodies and enjoying the fruits of such actions. The material manifestation encompasses the ever-changing physical nature that surrounds us. The demigods, along with their respective celestial abodes, are integral parts of the universal form of the Supreme Lord. And the Lord of sacrifice, the ultimate recipient of all offerings, is none other than Krishna Himself, manifesting as the Super soul.
Regarding the question of how one can know Krishna at the time of death, Krishna emphasizes the importance of consciousness. He reveals the fundamental principle that whatever state of being an individual remembers at the moment of leaving the body, that state they will undoubtedly attain. Krishna further asserts that those who, at the end of their lives, remember Him alone immediately achieve His divine nature without any doubt. Thus, He urges Arjuna to constantly contemplate Him in His form as Krishna while fulfilling his prescribed duty of fighting. By dedicating all activities to Krishna and keeping the mind and intelligence firmly fixed on Him, one can surely attain Him.
Krishna expounds on the cycles of creation, highlighting that during each day of Brahma, all living entities become manifest, while during his night, they merge into the unmanifested nature. He elucidates that although there may be auspicious and inauspicious times for departing from the body, devotees of Krishna transcend such considerations. By engaging in pure devotional service to Krishna, they effortlessly attain all the results derived from the study of the Vedas, the performance of sacrifices, acts of charity, philosophical contemplation, and other spiritual practices. Such sincere and devoted souls ultimately reach the supreme eternal abode of the Lord.
In essence, Krishna’s profound teachings provide Arjuna, and all those who seek spiritual enlightenment, with profound insights into the nature of reality, the path of devotion, and the ultimate attainment of the divine realm.
Chapter 9: Raja Vidya Yoga
As revealed by Lord Krishna Himself, the most confidential and sublime knowledge is that of devotional service. It stands as the purest form of knowledge, the pinnacle of education, and the ultimate perfection of religion. This sacred knowledge bestows direct realization of the self and grants a profound understanding of one’s true nature. It is a timeless path, filled with eternal bliss, and embraced with utmost joy.
Krishna, while pervading everything in His unmanifested form, remains transcendently detached from the material realm. It is under His divine guidance that material nature operates, giving rise to the vast array of living and non-living entities that exist in the universe. He is the ultimate source and overseer of all creation, yet remains untouched by the entanglements of material existence.
In the pursuit of spiritual goals, different worshippers adopt various paths. Those desiring heavenly pleasures worship the demigods and are subsequently reborn among them to enjoy celestial delights. However, upon the exhaustion of their accumulated merits, they return to earthly realms. Similarly, individuals who venerate their ancestors are destined for the ancestral planets, while those who indulge in ghostly worship meet a similar fate. Yet, those who wholeheartedly worship Krishna with exclusive devotion are eternally united with Him.
For a devotee of Krishna, every action, every morsel of food consumed, every offering made, and every act of charity is performed as an offering unto the Lord. In this divine exchange, Krishna reciprocates with His devotee, fulfilling their needs, providing what is lacking, and safeguarding their possessions. Through taking refuge in Krishna, even those considered lowborn or socially marginalized can attain the supreme destination of eternal union with the Lord.
The path of devotion to Krishna is a sublime and all-encompassing journey, where one’s entire existence is dedicated to the divine. It leads to the fulfillment of the soul’s deepest longing and the attainment of the highest spiritual realm, where the eternal embrace of Krishna awaits.
Chapter 10: Vibhuti Yoga
The devotees, immersed in their love for Krishna, perceive Him as the timeless and uncreated, the Lord who reigns over all realms, the very source from which the progenitors of all living beings have descended. He stands as the ultimate origin of everything, encompassing all existence.
Krishna, in His infinite majesty, is the author of intelligence, knowledge, truthfulness, self-control, fearlessness, non-violence, austerity, birth, death, fear, distress, and even infamy. All qualities, whether virtuous or otherwise, find their origin in Him. It is through the path of devotional service that one can cultivate and nurture these virtuous qualities, thereby enriching their character and spiritual growth.
Those devoted souls who wholeheartedly engage in the service of Krishna hold unwavering faith in His divine opulence, mystical powers, and supreme authority. Their thoughts constantly dwell upon Krishna, and their lives are dedicated to His service. In their association, they find immense joy and satisfaction as they illuminate one another with enlightening discussions centered around Krishna.
The devotees, who may lack formal education or deep knowledge of Vedic principles, are inwardly guided by Krishna Himself. He personally dispels the darkness of ignorance that veils their understanding, illuminating their hearts with divine wisdom and insight.
Arjuna, having recognized Krishna as the Supreme Personality of Godhead, the ultimate abode of all existence, the embodiment of Absolute Truth, the purest and transcendental being, the timeless and unparalleled original person, the unborn and the greatest of all, now yearns to delve deeper into this profound understanding. And in response, Lord Krishna graciously reveals even more, disclosing the astonishing truth that all the opulent, magnificent, and glorious creations in the universe are but a mere fragment of His resplendent splendor.
Chapter 11: Vishwarupa Sandarshana Yoga
In order to distinguish the true divinity of Krishna from imposters, Arjuna beseeches Him to reveal His universal form—a form that any claimant of godhood should be able to manifest. Responding to Arjuna’s plea, Krishna bestows upon him divine vision, allowing him to behold the resplendent and boundless universal form, which encompasses the entirety of past, present, and future.
Overwhelmed by this magnificent sight, Arjuna humbly pays his respects and offers heartfelt praises to the Lord. Krishna then discloses that, except for the five Pandava brothers, all the warriors assembled on the battlefield are destined to meet their demise. In light of this revelation, Krishna urges Arjuna to engage in battle as an instrument of His divine will, assuring him of certain victory and the prosperous establishment of his kingdom.
Moved by a mix of fear and reverence, Arjuna implores Krishna to withdraw His awe-inspiring form and reveal His original divine form. In response to Arjuna’s plea, the Lord manifests a four-armed form and subsequently reveals His primordial two-armed form. As Arjuna’s eyes rest upon the enchanting and relatable humanlike form of the Lord, a sense of tranquility washes over him. It is through the pure devotional service of a sincere devotee that such a captivating form of the Lord can be perceived and embraced.
Chapter 12: Bhakti Yoga
Arjuna poses a question to Krishna, seeking clarity on the superiority between a devotee who worships and serves the Lord’s personal form and a transcendentalist who meditates on the impersonal Brahman.
In response, Krishna asserts that the devotee who directs their mind and devotion towards His personal form is the epitome of perfection. He emphasizes the significance of engaging one’s mind and senses in devotional service, which provides a natural and accessible path for an embodied soul to attain the ultimate destination. In contrast, the impersonal path, which focuses on the formless Brahman, is arduous and goes against the inherent nature of the soul. Krishna does not endorse such a path, considering its inherent challenges.
At the highest stage of devotional service, one’s consciousness becomes completely absorbed in Krishna. This pinnacle is preceded by the practice of regulated devotional service, where devotees follow prescribed principles. A step below that is karma-yoga, the path of renouncing the fruits of one’s actions. Other indirect approaches to attaining the Supreme include meditation and the cultivation of knowledge.
Furthermore, Krishna reveals that a devotee who embodies purity, expertise, tolerance, self-control, equanimity, non-envy, absence of false ego, friendliness towards all living entities, and impartiality towards friends and enemies holds a special place in His heart.
Chapter 13: Kshetra Kshetrajna Vibhaga Yoga
Arjuna expresses his curiosity about various aspects such as prakriti (nature), purusa (the enjoyer), kshetra (the field), kshetra-jna (the knower of the field), jnana (knowledge), and jnaya (the object of knowledge).
Krishna enlightens Arjuna by explaining that the kshetra, the field of activity, refers to the conditioned soul’s physical body. Within this field, both the individual living entity and the Supreme Lord reside as the knowers of the field, known as kshetra-jna. Jnana, or knowledge, encompasses the understanding of the body and its knowers. This knowledge is characterized by qualities such as humility, nonviolence, tolerance, cleanliness, self-control, absence of false ego, and equanimity in the face of pleasant and unpleasant experiences.
The object of knowledge, referred to as jnaya, is the Super soul, the divine presence within all living entities. Prakriti, or nature, represents the fundamental cause and effect of the material world. There are two enjoyers, or purusas, the individual soul and the Super soul. One who can perceive the unchanging nature of both the individual soul and the Super soul as they transcendently traverse various material bodies possesses the vision of eternity. By comprehending the distinction between the body and the knower of the body and by understanding the process of liberation from material bondage, one attains the supreme goal of spiritual realization.
Chapter 14: Guna Traya Vibhaga Yoga
The material world is composed of the total material substance, which encompasses the three modes of material nature: goodness, passion, and ignorance. These modes exert their influence upon the conditioned soul, engaging in a constant competition for dominance. By keenly observing the workings of these modes, we come to understand that they are active agents, separate from our true selves. With this realization, the influence of material nature gradually wanes, allowing us to attain the spiritual nature of Krishna.
The mode of goodness shines forth with luminosity. It liberates one from the entanglements of sinful reactions while fostering a sense of happiness and knowledge. Those who pass away while predominantly influenced by the mode of goodness ascend to the celestial realms, reaching higher planes of existence.
Conversely, a person under the sway of the mode of passion becomes ensnared by insatiable desires for unlimited material enjoyment, particularly the pleasures of the senses. To satisfy these cravings, such individuals are perpetually driven to engage in arduous work, which binds them to a cycle of sinful reactions, ultimately resulting in misery. The mode of passion never satiates the longing for more, continuously propelling one towards the acquisition of material possessions and positions. After death, such individuals are again reborn on Earth, taking their place among those entangled in fruitive activities.
The mode of ignorance breeds a state of delusion. It nurtures qualities of madness, laziness, indolence, and foolishness. Those who depart from this world while predominantly influenced by the mode of ignorance are destined to take birth in the animal kingdom or in the realms of torment and suffering.
However, one who transcends the influence of these three modes achieves a steady state of behavior. Such an individual remains detached from the temporary material body, unaffected by its fluctuations. They possess equal-mindedness towards friends and enemies, exhibiting a sense of equanimity. These transcendental qualities can be attained through wholehearted engagement in devotional service to Krishna, the supreme Lord.
Chapter 15: Purushottama Yoga
The material world, with its myriad forms and manifestations, can be likened to a grand tree, but it is merely a reflection of the true tree—the spiritual world. Just as the image of a tree is mirrored on the surface of water, the material reflection of the spiritual realm is situated upon the foundation of desires. It is an enigmatic tree, its origins and boundaries hidden from mortal comprehension. This illusory tree is nourished by the three modes of material nature, intertwining and influencing its every aspect. The leaves of this tree are like the Vedic hymns, offering guidance and direction, while its twigs represent the objects of the senses, tempting and captivating the conditioned souls. Those seeking liberation must, with the weapon of detachment, sever this entangling tree, freeing themselves from its grasp and taking refuge in the shelter of the Supreme Lord.
In this material world, every being is prone to fallibility, susceptible to the enticements of illusion and temporary gratification. However, the spiritual realm stands in stark contrast, where all inhabitants are infallible, free from the limitations and imperfections that plague the material existence. And above all, reigning supreme in the spiritual realm, stands the personification of perfection, the Supreme Personality, Krishna.
Within the spiritual world, the essence of divine bliss and transcendence permeates every aspect, offering a respite from the transient and unsatisfying nature of the material realm. It is a realm of eternal truths, unblemished purity, and everlasting joy. While the material world is fraught with uncertainties, limitations, and imperfections, the spiritual world shines with absolute perfection and immortality.
Chapter 16: Daivasura Sampad Vibhaga Yoga
In the vast tapestry of creation, two distinct categories of beings emerge: the divine and the demoniac, each characterized by their unique qualities and tendencies. Among those who embody godliness, such as the noble-hearted Arjuna, a host of virtuous qualities blossom forth. These godly individuals are marked by their inherent sense of charity, self-control, gentleness, modesty, forgiveness, cleanliness, austerity, simplicity, non-violence, truthfulness, tranquility, fearlessness, freedom from anger, cultivation of spiritual knowledge, aversion to fault-finding, compassion for all living beings, freedom from covetousness, and unwavering determination.
On the other hand, the demoniac nature manifests a stark contrast, harboring qualities that stem from pride, anger, envy, harshness, arrogance, ignorance, impudence, uncleanliness, and improper behavior. These negative qualities become the shackles that bind individuals within a web of illusion, subjecting them to repeated cycles of birth and existence within demoniac species. Straying further from the divine path, those of the demoniac disposition find themselves unable to approach Krishna, the Supreme Lord, and gradually descend into the depths of hellish existence.
The actions we undertake in life can also be classified into two distinct categories: regulated and unregulated. These divergent paths yield contrasting outcomes and consequences. Those who dismiss or neglect the guidance provided by scriptural injunctions find themselves bereft of both perfection and happiness, their quest for the supreme destination left unfulfilled. Conversely, those who faithfully adhere to the regulations prescribed by scriptures gain a profound understanding of their duties and responsibilities. Through the gradual performance of acts that align with the path of self-realization, these individuals embark on a transformative journey towards the supreme destination, where ultimate fulfillment awaits.
Chapter 17: Shraddha Traya Vibhaga Yoga
Within the realm of faith, which shapes our beliefs and actions, three distinct types emerge, each closely intertwined with the evolutionary stages of the three modes of material nature. It is through an understanding of these modes that we can discern the varying outcomes of different acts driven by faith.
Acts performed by individuals whose faith is rooted in the mode of passion or ignorance yield only transient and material outcomes. These acts are driven by desires, attachments, and a limited vision, leading to temporary gratification but failing to nourish the deeper spiritual essence within.
On the other hand, acts performed in accordance with the mode of goodness, guided by scriptural injunctions and a purified heart, carry profound significance. Such acts serve as transformative catalysts, purifying the mind, elevating consciousness, and nurturing a deeper connection with the divine.
In this state of goodness, faith blossoms and becomes intricately interwoven with devotion to Lord Krishna. This pure faith is not tainted by material desires or illusions but is firmly grounded in the eternal truth. It becomes the guiding force that propels individuals on the path of spiritual growth and devotion to the Supreme Lord.
Therefore, by understanding the nature of faith and its connection to the modes of material nature, one can discern the impermanence of acts driven by passion and ignorance, while recognizing the transformative power of acts rooted in goodness. Through the cultivation of pure faith and adherence to scriptural guidance, the path towards enlightenment and devotion to Lord Krishna becomes illuminated, leading to a deeper connection with the divine and the attainment of ultimate spiritual fulfillment.
Chapter 18: Moksha Sanyasa Yoga
Krishna, the divine guide and teacher, imparts profound wisdom regarding renunciation, the intricate workings of the modes of nature on human consciousness and actions, and unravels the essence of Brahman realization. As the discourse unfolds, Krishna unveils the glorious significance of the Bhagavad-gita and culminates in unveiling the ultimate conclusion that lies within its sacred verses.
In the realm of renunciation, Krishna sheds light on its true meaning and significance. Renunciation does not imply abandoning one’s responsibilities or the external world, but rather transcending the attachment and desires associated with the fruits of one’s actions. It is a state of inner detachment, where one remains unaffected by the outcomes of their endeavors and remains steadfast in the pursuit of spiritual realization.
Expanding further, Krishna expounds upon the profound influence of the modes of nature on human consciousness and behavior. The modes of goodness, passion, and ignorance, deeply interwoven with the fabric of material existence, shape the thoughts, emotions, and actions of individuals. Understanding the effects of these modes empowers one to navigate through life’s challenges, cultivate virtues, and gradually transcend the limitations imposed by the material realm.
Amidst this exposition, Krishna unveils the sublime realization of Brahman, the ultimate spiritual truth. He illuminates the path to realizing the eternal essence that permeates all existence, guiding seekers towards a deeper understanding of their divine nature and their inseparable connection with the Supreme.
As the discourse reaches its crescendo, Krishna reveals the unparalleled glory of the Bhagavad-gita. This sacred scripture, a reservoir of timeless wisdom, serves as a guiding light, dispelling the darkness of ignorance and offering profound insights into the intricacies of existence, spirituality, and the path to enlightenment.
Finally, Krishna elucidates the pinnacle of spiritual attainment, the highest path of religion that transcends all boundaries. It is the path of absolute, unconditional loving surrender unto Lord Krishna. This divine surrender liberates one from the shackles of sin, bestows complete enlightenment, and paves the way for an eternal return to Krishna’s transcendental abode, where eternal bliss and divine communion await. In this profound culmination, Krishna unveils the essence of the Gita, presenting a spiritual roadmap for seekers to attain liberation, divine love, and eternal union with the Supreme.
Essential Shlokas from Bhagavad Gita
#1 Teachings of the Vedic scriptures are authoritative, infallible and the highest evidence of all
pitaham asya jagato
mata dhata pitamahah
vedyam pavitram omkara
rk sama yajur eva ca
(Bhagavad Gita 9.17)
–
I (Krishna) am the father of this world, the mother, the support, and the grandfather. I am the object of knowledge, the purifier, and the syllable om. I am also the Rig, Sama, and the Yajur Vedas.
tasmac chastram pramanam te
Karyakarya-vyavasthitau
jnatva sastra-vidhanoktam
karma kartum iharhasi
(Bhagavad Gita 16.24)
–
One should know what is duty and what is not duty from the regulations of the scriptures. Knowing such rules and regulations, one should act so that he may gradually be elevated.
#2 Krishna Tattva – Krishna is the Supreme Absolute Truth
mattah parataram nanyat
kinchid asti dhananjaya
mayi sarvam idam protam
sutre mani gana iva
(Bhagavad Gita 7.7)
–
O conqueror of wealth (Arjuna), there is no Truth superior to Me (Krishna). Everything rests on Me, as pearls are strung on a thread.
aham sarvasya prabhavo
mattah sarvam pravartate
iti matva bhajante mam
budha bhava-samanvitah
(Bhagavad Gita 10.8)
–
I am the source of all spiritual and material worlds. Everything originates from Me. The learned who perfectly comprehend this engage in My devotional service and worship Me with all their hearts.
aham atma gudakesa
Sarva-bhutasaya-sthitah
aham adis ca madhyam ca
bhutanam anta eva ca
(Bhagavad Gita 10.20)
–
O Arjuna, I am the Supersoul seated in the hearts of all living entities. I am the origin, the middle, and the end of all beings.
#3 Krishna is endowed with all energies
bhumir apo ‘nalo vayuh
kham mano buddhir eva ca
ahankar itiyam me
bhhinna prakritir astadha
(Bhagavad Gita 7.4)
–
Earth, water, fire, air, ether, mind, intelligence, and false ego – together these eight comprise My separate material energies.
apareyam itas tv anyam
prakritim viddhi me param
jiva bhutam mahabaho
yayedam dharyate jagat
(Bhagavad Gita – 7.5)
–
O mighty-armed Arjuna, besides these there is a superior energy of Mine, which encompasses all living entities (jiva) that are exploiting the resources of the inferior material nature.
etad-yonini bhutani
sarvanity upadharaya
aham kritsnasya jagatah
prabhavah pralayas tatha
(Bhagavad Gita 7.6)
–
Of all that is material and all that is spiritual in this world, know for certain that I am both its source and dissolution.
yac capi sarva-bhutanam
bijam tad aham arjuna
na tad asti vina yat syan
maya bhutam caracaram
(Bhagavad Gita 10.39)
–
O Arjuna, Furthermore, I (Krishna) am the generating seed of all existences. There is no being – either moving or nonmoving – that can exist without Me.
Prakritim svam avastabhya visrjami punah punah
Bhuta gramam imam Krtsnam avasam prakrter vasat
(Bhagavad Gita 9.8)
–
The whole cosmic manifestation is working under My will. Due to My will, it is automatically manifested again and again, and by My will, it is annihilated at the end.
#4 Krishna is an ocean of Rasa – He is the reservoir of pleasure
avyaktam vyaktim apannam
manyante mam abuddhayah
param bhavaam ajananto
mamavyayam anuttamam
(Bhagavad Gita 7.24)
–
Unintelligent men, who do not understand Me perfectly, believe that I, the Supreme Personality of Godhead (Krishna), was formless before and have now assumed this personality. Due to their small knowledge, they do not know of My higher nature, which is imperishable and supreme.
avajananti mam mudha
manusim tanum ashritam
param bhavam ajananto
mama bhuta maheshvaram
(Bhagavad Gita 9.11)
–
Fools deride Me when I descend in the human form. They do not know My transcendental nature, and My supreme Lordship over all that be.
samo ’ham sarva bhutesu
na me dvesyo ’sti na priyah
ye bhajanti tu mam bhaktya
mayi te tesu capy aham
(Bhagavad Gita 9.29)
–
I am hateful to no one, nor am I partial to anyone. I am equally disposed to all. But whoever renders devotional service unto Me is a friend, is in Me, and I am also a friend to him.
tac ca samsmrtya samsmrtya
rupam aty-adbhutam hareh
vismayo me mahan rajan
hrsyami ca punah punah
(Bhagavad Gita 18.77)
–
O King, as I recollect the wonderful form of Lord Krishna, I am struck with wonder more and more, and I revel again and again.
prasanta manasam hy enam
yoginam sukham uttamam
upaiti santa rajasam
brahma bhutam akalmasam
(bhagavad gita 6.27)
–
The yogi whose mind is fixed on Me certainly attains the highest perfection of transcendental happiness. His passion is pacified; he realizes his qualitative identity with the Supreme, and thus he is freed from all past sinful reactions.
#5 Jivas (living entities) are all separated parts of the Supreme Lord
Mamai vamso jiva-loke
jiva-bhutah sanatanah
Manah sasthhanindriyani
Prakirti sthani karsati
(Bhagavad Gita 15.7)
–
The living entities in this material world are My eternal, fragmental parts. Due to their conditioned life, they are struggling very hard with the six senses, including the mind.
apareyam itas tv anyam
prakritim viddhi me param
jiva bhutam mahabaho
yayedam dharyate jagat
(Bhagavad Gita – 7.5)
–
O mighty-armed Arjuna, besides these there is a superior energy of Mine, which encompasses all living entities (jiva) that are exploiting the resources of the inferior material nature.
yad yad vibhutimat sattvam
Srīmad urjitam eva va
tat tad evavagaccha tvam
mama tejo-msa sambhavam
(Bhagavad Gita 10.41)
–
Know that all opulent, beautiful, and glorious creations originate from but a spark of My splendor.
#6 Baddha jiva (conditioned soul) functions under the influence of matter
shariram yad avapnoti
yac capy utkramatiswarah
grihitvaitani samyati
vayur gandhan ivasayat
(Bhagavad Gita 15.8)
–
The living entity in the material world carries his different conceptions of life from one body to the other, as the air carries aromas. Thus he accepts one kind of body and again quits it to take another.
na mam duskritino mudhah
prapadyante naradhamah
Mayayapahrta-jnana
asuram bhavam asritah
(Bhagavad Gita 7.15)
–
Those miscreants who are exceedingly foolish, who are lowest among humankind, whose knowledge is stolen by illusion, and who partake of the atheistic nature of demons do not surrender unto Me.
sri bhagavan uvacha
kama esa krodha esa
rajo guna samudbhavahmahasano maha papma
viddhy enam iha vairinam
(Bhagavad Gita 3.37)
–
The Supreme Personality of Godhead said: O Arjuna, it is lust which is born out of contact with the material mode of passion and which is later transformed into wrath, is the greatest enemy of this world.
dhumenvriyate vahnir
yathadarso maalena ca
yatholbenavrito garbhas
tatha tenedam avritam
(Bhagavad Gita 3.38)
–
As fire is covered by smoke, as a mirror is concealed by dust, or as the embryo is encased by the womb, the living entity is similarly covered by different shades of this lust.
#7 Mukta Jiva – The Liberated souls
mam upetya punaar janma
duhkhalayam asasvatam
napnuvanti mahatmanah
samsiddhhim paramam gatah
(Bhagavad Gita 8.15)
–
After attaining Me, the exalted souls, who are yogis in devotion, never return to this temporary mortal world, which is full of miseries, because they have attained the greatest perfection.
daivi hy esa gunamayi
mama maya duratyaya
mam eva ye prapadyante
mayam etam taranti te
(Bhagavad Gita 7.14)
–
This divine energy of Mine, consisting of the three modes of material nature (maya), is difficult to surmount. But those who have surrendered unto Me can easily cross beyond it.
ye tu sarvani karmani
mayi sannyasya mat-parah
ananyenaiva yogena
mam dhyayanta upasate
tesam aham samuddharta
Mrtyu-samsara-sagarat
bhavami na cirat partha
mayy avesita-cetasam
(Bhagavad Gita 12.6-7)
–
But those who worship Me, give up all their activities unto Me, engage in My devotion without deviation, engage in My devotional service, and always meditate upon Me, having fixed their minds upon Me, O son of Prtha – for them, I am the swift deliverer from the material ocean of birth and death.
#8 The Living entity (jiva), and the material world are both identical and different from the Lord
maya tatam idaam sarvam
jagad avyakta murtina
matsthani sarva bhutani
na caham tesv avasthitah
(Bhagavad Gita 9.4)
–
By Me (Krishna), in My unmanifested form, this entire cosmic manifestation is pervaded. All beings are in Me, but I am not in them.
aham sarvasya prabhavo
mattah sarvam pravartate
iti matva bhajante mam
budha bhava-samanvitah
(Bhagavad Gita 10.8)
–
I (Krishna) am the source of all spiritual and material worlds. Everything originates from Me. The learned who perfectly comprehend this engage in My devotional service and worship Me with all their hearts.
na ca matsthani bhutani
pasya me yogam aishvaram
bhuta-bhrn na ca bhutastho
mamatma bhuta-bhavanah
(Bhagavad Gita 9.5)
–
And yet everything that is created does not rest in Me. Behold My inconceivable mystic power! Although I am the sustainer of all living entities, and although I am everywhere, yet I am not a part of this cosmic manifestation, for Myself is the very source of creation.
#9 Abhidheya – Process of attaining the Supreme Lord
mahatmanas tu mam partha
daivim prakritim asritah
bhajanty ananya-manaso
jnatva bhutadim avyayam
(Bhagavad Gita 9.13)
–
O son of Prtha, those exalted souls, who are not deluded, are under the protection of My divine nature. They are whole-heartedly engaged in My devotional service knowing Me to be the Supreme Personality of Godhead, original and inexhaustible.
satatam kirtayanto mam
yatantas ca dridha-vratah
namasyantas ca mam bhaktya
nitya-yukta upasate
(Bhagavad Gita 9.14)
–
Always chanting My glories, endeavoring with great determination, offering obeisances unto Me, these great souls are perpetually engaged in My devotion.
man-mana bhava mad-bhakto
mad-yaji mam namaskuru
mam evaisyasi yuktvaivam
atmanam mat-parayanah
(Bhagavad Gita 9.34)
–
Always engage your mind in My (Krishna’s) contemplation, become My devotee, offer obeisances to Me and worship Me. Being completely engrossed in Me, surely you will come to Me.
#10 Prayojana – Attaining the ultimate fruit of ecstatic love of God
ananyas chintayanto mam
ye janah paryupasate
tesam nityabhiyuktanam
Yoga ksemam vahamy aham
(Bhagavad Gita 9.22)
–
But those who are exclusively engaged in My devotional service, meditating on My transcendental form – to them I carry what they lack, and I preserve what they have.
samo ‘ham sarva-bhutesu
na me dvesyo ‘sti na priyah
ye bhajanti tu mam bhaktya
mayi te tesu capy aham
(Bhagavad Gita 9.29)
–
I am hateful to no one, nor am I partial to anyone. I am equally disposed to all. But whoever renders service unto Me in devotion is a friend, is in Me, and I am also a friend to him.
ye tu dharmamritam idam
yathoktam paryupasate
sraddadhana mat-parama
bhaktas te ’tiva me priyah
(Bhagavad Gita 12.20)
–
Those devotees who follow this imperishable path of devotional service and who fully engage themselves with faith, making Me their supreme goal, are very, very dear to Me.